白鹤梁石鱼考

Stone-carved Fish at Baiheliang

白鹤梁石鱼雕刻是我国重要的文化遗产和水文资料,本文对白鹤梁石鱼从构图布局、雕刻技法和形态种类方面进行系统研究。指出石鱼雕刻在构图布局方面形式多样,雕刻风格以写实为主,雕刻技法有线雕、浅浮雕、高浮雕。石鱼形态种类包括鲤鱼、花鲈、鲻鱼、岩原鲤、青鱼、鲫鱼、胭脂鱼、中华倒刺鲃、短身白甲鱼等9种。从唐代开始,作为水标的石鱼形态属于鲤鱼。元代、明代石鱼形态为花鲈、鲻鱼等溯流海鱼。清代以后雕刻的石鱼作品,主要是岩原鲤、青鱼、鲫鱼、胭脂鱼、中华倒刺鲃、短身白甲鱼等三峡地区特色鱼种或优势鱼种。

The images of fish carved out in stone at Baiheliang, Chongqing are important cultural heritage and hydrological materials. The authors carry out a systematic study of Baiheliang stone-carved fish and find out that the layout of these carvings shows great diversity and the carvings, realistic in style, are executed with incised lines and in bas-reliefs or high relief. The images of fish indicate nine species： Cyprinus carpio haematopterus, Lateolabrax japonicus, Mugil cephalus, Procypris rabaudi, Carassius auratus, Mylophbaryngodon piceus, Myxocyprinus asiaticus, Spinibarbus sinensis and Varicorhinus brevis. Beginning in the Tang dynasty, image of Cyprinus carpio haematopterus was used as water gauge. By the Yuan and Ming period, upstream sea fish like Lateolabraxjaponicus and Mugil cephalus prevailed. Since the Oing dynasty, the images became mainly Procypris rabaudi, Mylopharyngodon piceus, Carassius auratus, Myxocyprinus asiaticus, Spinibarbus sinensis, Varicorhinus brevis, etc, which were unique to the Three Gorges area or dominant in this area.