教育的城乡不平等及其后果——基于上海、浙江和福建的家庭调查研究

Educational Inequality between Urban and Rural Areas and Its Outcome——A study based on dynamic family survey of Shanghai, Zhejiang and Fujian Provinces

学校教育是培育人力资本的重要途径,而基础教育则是高等教育的基石。中小学教育在很大程度上决定了一个人最终的受教育程度及其相应的教育回报,故而中小学教育环境的差异将导致教育成就的不同,从而导致人力资本水平的差异,进而造成收入的不同。本文利用基于上海、浙江和福建的家庭动态调查数据,从个体求学经历的角度分析了城乡不同教育环境下人们的教育成就差异,也探讨了教育的性别差异等问题。研究结果表明,教育的城乡不平等是造成城乡之间教育成就差异的最主要原因。回归分析表明,在城市教育环境下,人们的教育成就会明显提升。相反,在农村教育环境下,人们的教育成就显著降低。而且教育成就越高,越依赖于教育环境。从时代变迁的角度来看,城乡教育的不平等在五六十年代有所缓解,但七十年代以来有加剧的趋势,小城市和城郊农村的教育发展迅速,人们的教育成就显著提高。因此,消除教育的城乡不平等,应当加强农村教育环境的建设,增加农村教育资源的配给,为农村教育发展提供充足的经费保障,从而有效地提高农村教育成就。

School education is one of the most important ways to foster the human capital. Elementary education is the important base for higher education. Primary and secondary schooling environment has a very inclusive impact on one＇s educational attainment as well as educational return, determining his/her future educational level to a great extent. Educational inequality may lead to human capital gap, which may further result in income difference. In this paper, the author analyses the educational attainment difference under different education environment and probes into issues of the educational gender difference based on dynamic family survey of Shanghai, Zhejiang and Fujian provinces. This paper＇s study shows educational inequality between urban and rural areas is one of the main reasons for educational attainment difference between urban and rural areas. Regression shows that under the urban education environment, one will get a higher educational attainment. While under rural education environment, one will get a lower educational attainment. Therefore, breaking down the education segregation between urban and rural areas and reinforcing the construction of rural educational environment will pay an active role for narrowing the urban and rural gaps.