媒体与婴儿的认知发展

The Media and Infants' Cognitive Development

随着电视、网络、DVD视频等媒体设备的普及,媒体对婴儿发展的影响受到父母和研究者的关注。综述已有研究发现:超过一半以上的婴儿每天花费40分钟以上时间使用屏幕媒体。文章从媒体使用现状、注意分配、语言发展、二维到三维世界的转换和促进与阻碍作用几个方面介绍了媒体对婴儿认知的影响。婴儿对视频媒体的注意分配基本趋势是随着年龄增加而增加,其注视模式不同于成人;媒体使用与婴儿语言的发展受到其自身年龄特征的影响;2岁以下婴儿在从二维媒体到三维现实的转换中存在视频局限现象;婴幼儿使用媒体对其词汇、数学、语言等认知发展具有促进作用,对于注意的发展可能有阻碍作用。未来研究应该更多关注婴儿媒体使用的内容和形式,并且拓展研究技术和视角,关注新的媒体形式和内容。

The media plays an important role in infants＇leisure time. The increase in the amount of time that infants spend exposed to media, such as television, internet and DVD, has prompted more concern among parents and researchers. In this article, studies of media effects on infants＇attention distribution, language development, two dimensions to three dimensions, and the positive and negative effects of media on infants＇development were reviewed. Studies of infant~ media exposure showed that media use has become an indispensable part in infants＇daily life. Sixty one percent one - year - old infants spend 49 minutes and eighty-eight percent two and three - year - old toddlers spend 111 minutes each day using media, infants＇attention to media is judged by their fixation to the screen. Results indicated that infants＇attention to video is moderated by the familiarity of the content. Eye movement study found that infants did not fixiate on the same object on the screen and watch the screen at the same time. Infants＇attention to TV and other media was affected by the content of media and their own level of comprehen- sion. When the video could be understood, Infants would give more attention. Studies showed that media use was correlated with lan- guage development. Infants of more than 18 months old would receive maximum gains from the media such as television. As for language development, researchers found that infants＇language developed differently depending on the content of television. Two and three -year - old toddlers watching educational TV programs could improve their vocabulary and cognitive development. However, most screen media is 2D which is different from 3D real life. Immaturity of the infants＇perception, cognition, and social development makes it difficult to convert 2D information to the corresponding 3D real life content. A large number of research proved that suitable videos and media use are benefitial for infants＇development. But there are still some inconsistent results and contradictory conclusions, which call for research. Finally, future research should not only pay attention to the amount of media use, but also the content and form of the media. New research methodologies and new form of media would be able to present researchers with more opportunities to study new questions and to give new perspectives on old questions.