农业生态系统文化服务的支付意愿与受偿意愿的差异性分析——以上海池塘养殖为例

Difference between the WTP and WTA in cultural service value evaluation of agriculture ecosystems: Shanghai pond aquaculture case study

池塘养殖已在我国存在千年之久,不仅提供着食物供给,同样为人类提供着文化服务价值。近年来农业服务业的发展大大加深了其文化价值。条件估值法(CVM)作为评价非市场价值方法之一,目前已被广泛应用。随着CVM的发展,对该方法的有效性和稳定性仍有争议。其中讨论的热点之一为策略性偏差,即受偿意愿和支付意愿评估环境物品或服务价值的不对称。已有的支付意愿(WTP)和受偿意愿(WTA)研究中,基于农业生态系统文化价值研究甚少。本文以池塘养殖文化服务价值评估为切入点,以上海青浦、嘉定和奉贤地区养殖池塘为研究对象,并应用Tobit模型及多元Logit模型对其WTA及WTP差别进行探讨。研究表明:(1)WTP受到受访者收入、受教育程度、对池塘游憩活动爱好程度及周边环境满意程度的正向影响,而WTA同样受到收入的影响,其池塘周边环境满意程度影响与WTA呈现反向关系;(2)导致WTA/WTP不对称的主要因素为收入、户籍、年龄和受访者对池塘游憩活动的爱好程度,其WTA/WTP均值之比为5;(3)收入效应、替代效应、持有效应、前景效应和产权问题是影响WTA/WTP不对称的理论依据;(4)在实际调查过程中,由于受访者对WTA的理解存在偏差,其回答值往往高于真实值,所以本文选用WTP作为主要评估方式,得出青浦、嘉定和奉贤区域池塘养殖生态系统文化服务价值分别为17 716.11万元、24 104.00万元和17 752.14万元。在推动上海新农村建设的过程中,职能部门需重新认识此类系统服务价值,做到充分保护和持续利用池塘,提高农民收入。

Pond aquaculture has existed in China for thousands of years and has been not only a major source of food,but also provided cultural service.The development of service industry in agriculture has further highlighted the value of pond aquaculture.The Contingent Valuation Method（CVM）,one of several methods for evaluating non-market values,has been widely used data analysis.However,there has remained much controversy on the effectiveness and stability of CVM.One such hot spot of discussion has been strategic bias,a significant disparity between willingness to pay（WTP） and willingness to accept（WTA）,in evaluation of environment products and services values.Current literature has shown that few researches exist on the evaluation of cultural service values of aquaculture ecosystems.This paper used pond aquaculture in Qingpu,Jiading and Fengxian Districts of Shanghai to evaluate the cultural services values and discuss the difference between WTP and WTA as given by Tobit and Mulit-Logit models.The results showed that WTP was affected by the income,education,interest and satisfaction with pond environments of the interviewees.A significant positive relationship existed between WTP and the above factors.WTA was also influenced by income and satisfaction with pond environments.WTA was significantly positively related to income.But satisfaction with pond environment was negatively related to both WTP and WTA.Household income,register,age and interest in pond activities of interviewee were the main influence factors on WTA/WTP asymmetry.The average WTA/WTP ratio was 5：1.Income,substitution,endowment and prospect effects as well as property right affected the differences between WTP and WTA.Due to deviations in interviewees’ understandings of WTA,responses were higher than the real pond value.Based on this fact,WTP was used as the preferred assessment method.The average value of WTP of the investigated area was 163.75 Yuan per person.Then based on the population statistical yearbook,total cultural services values of Qingpu,Jading and Fengxian were 177.161,241.040 and 177.521 million Yuan per year,respectively.It suggested that in the construction of new rural areas in Shanghai,sufficient attention needed to be paid on the full play of cultural services values of aquaculture pond ecosystems.Functional departments needed to achieve full protection and sustainable utilization of ponds,with focus on increased farmer income.