副词“方”多种时体用法的关系

The evolution of the temporal adverb fang(方) in Ancient Chinese

本文在类型学的概念框架下,梳理古汉语时间副词"方"多种时体意义的演化关系,认为副词"方"表状态持续(广义结果体)的用法是其他时体用法语法化的源头,在此基础上分化出动作持续(进行体)用法和动作发生不久(近过去完成体)用法,并在动作持续用法的基础上进一步演化出动作即将发生(最近将来时)用法。"方"从进行体而不是完成体发展出最近将来时的用法,这在类型学中比较多见而在汉语中却比较少见。

Based on an investigation of 36 Ancient Chinese literatures,this paper first revises the classification of the tense-aspect uses of fang with the conceptual framework of typology.The progressive use of fang should be classified as a special state duration,which can be seen as a generalized resultative,and dynamic progressive.It argues that the use of state duration of fang was the origin of other uses.After the uses of dynamic progressive and recent perfect had emerged,the use of immediate future further evolved from dynamic progressive.Such evolution is rare in Chinese but quite normal in other languages.