关于“说”的解释学随想

The Hermeneutics Thoughts of "speaking"

说和听,是人类交流精神的活动。解释学作为关于理解(听、读)的学说,也要研究说。"说"是听的对象。文本是"说",文本不是沉默的。"说"有说者,说者即作者。人们一经说,他和自己所说的关系就变成双重的,一方面,他永远是自己所说的作者,永远要对自己的所说负责;另一方面,他又是自己所说的读者,他对自己的所说不具有绝对优先的解释权,他和其他读者的关系是平等的。"说"是言语,是使用着的、活的语言,具有意义。"文本的意义"是指文本所说的内容,文本表达的作者的精神。语言是"说"的存在方面,意义是"说"的"非存在"方面。意义不是存在,既不是物质存在,也不是精神存在。人们一经说,其语言和意义都确定不变。"说"可以是说出认识,也可以是说出理解。说出认识,是说出存在着的事物;说出理解,是说出文本的意义或作者的精神。认识和理解是不同的精神活动,也是不同学科的研究对象。一切说都是对听者说,没有听,就没有说。人类说和听的实践表明,人们能说和能听,即文本能表达作者的精神,读者能把握文本的意义;同时,说和听是具体的历史的活动,说者精神的表达和听者对文本意义的把握,都是具体的、历史的、相对的。

Speaking and listening are activities in which human communicate spirits.Hermeneutics as a theory interpretating listening and reading,should also study speaking.'Speaking'is the object of'listening'.The text is'speaking'rather than silent.'Speaking'has the subject,namely,the speaker.Once a man speaks,there exists a dual relationship.On the one hand,he is always the author responsible for what he has spoken;on the other hand,he is the very reader,i.e.he has no absolute priority of interpretating what he has spoken,he and other readers are equal.'Speaking'is a kind of used,living language which has meaning.'Text meaning'refers to the content of text as well as the author's spirit the text expresses.Language is the existence of'speaking'while meaning is the non-existence of'speaking'.Meaning is not existence,neither material existence,nor spiritual existence.Once people speak,their language and meaning are determined.'Speaking'may involve knowledge and understanding.Knowledge refers to existing things while understanding means text meaning or author's spirit.Knowledge and understanding are different mental activities,also are different research objects for different subjects.Speaking aims at the listener.Human speaking and listening practice indicates that people can speak and listen,namely,text can express the author's spirit and readers can grasp the meaning of text.Meanwhile,speaking and listening are specific historical activities,the expression of speaker's spirit and the listener's grasp of text meaning are all specific,historical and relative.