乾隆朝灾赈类型考论

Discussion on the Disaster Relief form in Qianlong Period

乾隆朝是我国古代赈济灾民政策措施的集大成者。乾隆即位后,用了近5年的时间,完成了对赈济类型的确定这一灾赈的关键问题,在清代首次实现了有例可循和有法可依,真正做到了将历史继承与适时创新相结合。针对灾后不同时段内灾民的不同窘况和需求,在中国荒政史上第一次确定了抚恤口米、抚恤、急赈、大赈和展赈等多种灾赈名目,使灾赈类型达到了前所未有的多样化,有利于及时、有效地拯灾民于困厄,也为后世灾赈相关事宜提供了有益范式。

The Qianlong period saw a synthesization of disaster relief policies and measures in ancient China.Shortly after Qianlong ascended the throne,he realized that the key to the relief of distress was law-making and its execution,and he brought this into a reality at last.He combined the historical inheritance with timely innovation,aimed at the different predicaments and demands for the disaster victims in different periods after disasters,and introduced various relief types such as pension for everyone,pension,urgent relief,official relief and stretched relief for the first time in the ancient anti-calamity history of China.His diversified relief types were unprecedented,helped the victims timely and effectively and also provided a useful paradigm for the future generations of disaster relief.