先秦诸子文献的类型与文体变迁——以《论语》类文献为考察中心

On the Types and Stylistic Changes in the Literature of Pre-Qin Dynasty——Focus on Literature Similar to Analects of Confucius

文学史家通常将先秦诸子文献划分为语录体、对问体、专论体三种类型,认为它们沿着"语录体—对问体—专论体"方向之演进。这种归纳整体上指出先秦诸子文体的发展历程,然而新材料为先秦诸子文体的具体演进带来新的认识。《论语》载录的主要是孔子的言论及其行为,但孔子的言论、行为还散见于《论语》之外的其它文献,这些文献可视为《论语》类文献。《论语》文本的真正特征在于言、行两录,其中记行文本的分量少,记言则占据主要地位,其记言文本又包括格言体、对话体与事语体三种形态,但除事语体外很少长篇大论。《论语》类文献一方面继承《论语》格言体、对话体与事语体这些形态,但又有所发展,具体表现为:一是语录体向长篇大论演进;二是语录体向专论体演进。《论语》类文献表明先秦诸子文体的类型是复杂的,其演进路径也是多元的,所谓三阶段说的直线式演进思路显然遮蔽了诸子文体多元演进路径的真实图景。

Historians usually divide literature of the pre-Qin Dynasty into three stylistic types of quotation, conversation, and monograph, regarding that they evolve this way accordingly. This induction generally illustrates the stylistic development of the pre-Qin literature; however, the new material may give a new interpretation for the specific stylistic development. Confucius ：speech and behavior are mainly recorded in Analects of Confucius, and they are also scattered in other literature similar to it. In Analects of Confucius, texts recording Confucius＇ speech are dominant, which can be divided into three styles of max- im,conversation,and Shiyu （literature recording wandering scholar＇s speech）, and long texts are rarely found except in Shiyu style. Literature similar to Analects of Confucius carries on these styles on the one hand,and on the other hand develops the type of quotation into lengthy and monograph texts. Therefore, the types and stylistic changes in the Literature of pre-Qin Dynasty are complicated, with a multiple path,and the previously dominant idea of direct evolution may not be true.