黄河水沙调控体系建设关键问题研究

Studies on the Key Problems of the Construction of Yellow River Water and Sediment Regulation and Control System

根据黄河水少沙多、水沙关系不协调的基本特征,分析了现状黄河水沙调控存在的问题:一是现状工程条件下,能提供的水流动力条件不足,联合调节水流和泥沙比较困难,不能较长时期维持小浪底水库拦沙期塑造的黄河下游中水河槽;二是现状工程运用不能解决协调宁蒙河段水沙关系和供水、发电之间的矛盾,宁蒙河道淤积萎缩,防凌防洪形势严峻;三是潼关高程居高不下。考虑防洪防凌、减淤、水资源配置等需求,研究提出了黄河水沙调控体系的总体布局,即以干流七大控制性骨干工程龙羊峡、刘家峡、黑山峡、碛口、古贤、三门峡、小浪底为主体,海勃湾、万家寨水库为补充,支流陆浑、故县、河口村、东庄水库配合,共同构成工程体系,由监测体系、预报体系和决策支持系统构成非工程体系,为水沙联合调度提供技术支撑。从河道减淤、防洪防凌安全以及水资源优化配置等需求出发,研究了黄河水沙调控指标体系,定量提出了维持河道排洪输沙功能的调控指标、河段防洪防凌指标以及实现水资源有效管理的调控指标等。在此基础上,研究提出了水沙调控体系联合调控方式。从待建工程的开发任务、在水沙调控体系中的地位和作用以及黄河治理开发的迫切要求出发,分析确定了待建骨干工程的开发次序为古贤、黑山峡和碛口水利枢纽工程。古贤水利枢纽工程在黄河治理开发和管理中具有承上启下的战略地位,对于保障黄河防洪安全具有重要作用,建议尽快兴建古贤水利枢纽,争取在小浪底水库拦沙库容淤满前投入运用。

The situation and existing problems of the Yellow River Water and Sediment Regulation and Control System are analyzed, which is summarized as insufficient water, excessive sediment and imbalance of the two. Firstly, under the conditions of the present projects, the flow dynamics condition is deficiency. It is more difficult to jointly regulate water flow and sediment, and it cannot sustain the river channel for medium flood in the lower Yellow River. Secondly, the management of the present projects can not solve the conflicts among the relationship of water and sediment, water supply, and power generation. River channel shrink seriously. The situation of flood control and ice control is grim. Thirdly, Tongguan elevation sustains long-term high. The overall arrangement of Yellow River Water and Sediment Regulation and Control System is presented here according to the demand of the storm flood and ice flood control, sediment deposition reduction and water resource configuration of the Yellow River. The seven controlled key projects of the main stream include Longyangxia, Liujiaxia, Heishanxia, Qikou, Guxian, Sanmenxia, Xiaolangdi Reservoir, and the supplement including Haibowan and Wanjiazhai reservoir, besides, the system also include Luhun, Guxian, Hekoucun, Dongzhuang reservoir in the tributaries, which form the engineering system together; the non-engineering system include monitoring system, forecasting system and decision support system, provide technical support for joint regulation of water and sediment. Based on the demand of the siltation reduction in the river course, assuring the safety of the storm flood and ice flood control, and water resources optimal allocation, the index system is studied, and the indexes for sustaining the flood discharge and sediment transportation are proposed. Based on that, the paper provides combined operation ways of water and sediment regulation system. Considering the development task, the position and role of the engineering, and the urgent demand of the Yellow River＇s management and development, the paper analyzes and draws an conclusion that the developing order of the backbone engineering to be built are Guxian, Heishanxia, and Qikou hydraulic project. Guxian hydraulic project is a very important juncture in the management and development of the Yellow River, which plays an important role in ensuring the flood control safety, so the paper suggests that it is necessary to build Guxian hydraulic project and it is better to put the Guxiau hydraulic project into service before the quantity of sand blocked by the Xiaolangdi Reservoir fills up with the capacity.