鬼神以祭祀而言——关于朱子鬼神观的若干问题

Considering the Concept of “Ghosts and Spirits” from the aspect of Sacrifice:On Some Problems of Zhu Xi's View of “Ghosts and Spirits”

朱熹鬼神论述的基本立场是将鬼神看作"第二著"。通过对朱熹"以气释鬼神"、"鬼神以祭祀而言"的诠释方式以及"鬼神之理即是此心之理"等观点的深入探讨,指出对朱熹而言,鬼神问题主要是祭祀的问题而不是言说的问题、是宗教的问题而不是气学的问题。朱熹在鬼神问题上强调祭祀实践的重要性,这是朱熹宗教思想的一大特色,也是朱熹对儒学鬼神论的一大理论贡献。

This paper attempts to make discussions from the following three aspects.Firstly,it will state the types of Zhu Xi's arguments on ghosts and spirits,and analyse his fundamental position.It will then point out that the position indicates that Zhu Xi views ghosts and spirits as 'the secondary quality'.Secondly,it will discuss the problem of 'whether there are ghosts and spirits','to explain ghosts and spirits by qi','to discuss ghosts and spirits from the aspect of sacrifice',and 'the principle of ghosts and spirits is the principle of sacrificers' mind'.Finally,it will indicate that ghosts and spirits are not a problem of utterance,but a problem of sacrifice in Zhu Xi's eyes.They refer to a religious problem,instead of a problem of qi theory.Zhu Xi's emphasis on the importance of sacrifice to ghosts and spirits is the main character of his religious thoughts.