基于不安全性、健康影响和机动化交通外部成本的步行和自行车道网络的成本效益分析

Cost-benefit Analyses of Walking and Cycling Track Networks Taking into Account Insecurity,Health Effects and External Costs of Motorized Traffic

本文介绍了对三个挪威城市中步行和自行车道网络进行的成本效益分析。这项成本效益分析考虑了由采用非机动化交通方式带来的不安全性的减少和健康收益。除了健康成本的降低之外,分析还考虑了从开车出行转变为骑自行车出行或步行带来的机动化交通外部成本的减少(如空气污染和噪音)以及停车成本的降低。投资自行车道网络带来的收益估计至少是其成本的4～5倍。因此这种投资比其他交通投资对社会更有益。此项完整的成本效益分析的结果使人们有可能计算原来没有被意识到的社会效益——因为机动化交通阻碍人们选择骑自行车出行或步行,否则他们就会倾向于选择这两种交通方式出行。这些由机动化交通造成的"障碍成本"估计至少与空气污染的成本不相上下,是噪音成本的两倍以上。因此,在确定适当的汽车税或评估不同的限制汽车使用的方式时,障碍成本应该和其他外部成本一样被考虑。

The study presents cost-benefit analyses of walking and cycling track networks in three Norwegian cities. The cost-banefit analyses take into account the benefit of reduced insecurity and the health benefits of the improved fitness the use of non-motorized transport provides. In addition to reductions in health costs, the analyses also take into account that a change from travel by car to cycling or walking means reduced external costs （e.g. air pollution and noise） from motorized traffic and reduced parking costs. The benefits of investments in cycle networks are estimated to be at least 4~5 times the costs. Such investments are thus more beneficial to society than other transport investments. The results of such complete costq^enefit analyses make it possible to calculate the benefits to society that are not realized because motorized traffic prevents people from bicycling or walking as much as they otherwise would prefer. These ＇barrier costs＇ attributable to motorized traffic are estimated to be of at least the same magnitude as air pollution costs and more than double the noise costs. Barrier costs should therefore be taken into account in the same way as other external costs, when the issue is to determine the proper level of car taxes or to evaluate different kinds of restrictions on car use.