高中生解决陌生物理问题的即时思维研究

The Study on High school Students’ Instant Thinking When Solving the Unfamiliar Physics Problems

运用“口语报告”技术对高中生解决陌生物理问题的即时思维进行实验研究，结果表明：高中生解决物理问题的思维操作存在“整体模仿”和“科学分析”两种不同类型，且后者的启用具有“被迫”特征；与定律（定理）一并记忆提取的“分析规范”，对问题解决具有指引方向的功能；非结构性力学经验背景缺失直接阻碍高中生解决问题，“随手实验”科学素养可以有效弥补这一不足；得到问题的正确解与对问题的整体性理解建构存在差距。启示：问题解决能力训练应基于学生被迫启用科学分析思维操作的特征予以设计；通过分析规范、随手实验、知识与方法的多维度梳理等基础性科学方法在教学中的示范产生效果；通过变更作业和试题评价标准促进学生良好习惯的养成。同时，呼吁数理学科有效教学研究关注口语报告技术捕获细腻而鲜活思维活动的功能，呼吁社会关注学生户外活动与家务参与减少对高中物理非结构性经验背景的影响。

This article aims to study on high school students instant thinking when solving unfamiliar physics problems through the use of ＂oral report＂. And the results indicate that there are two different kinds of thinking in this process, i. e. ＂overall imitation＂ and ＂scientific analysis＂, with the latter characterized by ＂being forced＂. Analysis procedure, extracted together with the law （theorem） can direct students＇ problem solving while the lack of experience in non-structural mechanics directly hinder this process. But the habit of doing experiment readily can make up for the shortfall effectively. And getting correct answer to the problem doesn＇t equal to the comprehensive understanding and construction of it. This study shows us the training of students＇ problem solving skills should be designed based on students＇ characters of ＂being forced to use the scientific and analytical thinking＂, and should be conducted through the demonstration of ＂ analysis specification＂, ＂readily experiment＂ and ＂ the positive construct of knowledge and methods＂ in class. Furthermore, the reinforcement of students＇ learning habits demands the change in the assignments and evaluation criteria. Meanwhile, it appeals to the researchers in mathematics and science teaching to pay attention to the merits of oral report in capturing students＇ delicate and alive thinking. It also calls on society to concern for the negative influence of ＂the decrease in children＇s outdoor activities and family responsibilities＂ on their non-structural experience background for high school physics learning.