清代顺天科举考试中的冒籍问题——一种关于“考试移民”的历史追溯

On the Problems of Taking the Imperial Examinations by Forging Household Registers in Shuntian Area in the Qing Dynasty

在清代,原籍应试原则是科举考试的一项基本报考原则,寄籍应试之法则是针对流动人口所实行的一种考试政策。在科举竞争存在明显区域差异而人口流动越发普遍的背景下,清代不同时期顺天地区的科举考试中均存在着比较普遍的冒籍问题。就地域来源而言,顺天科举冒籍者更多的来自江南、浙江等科举大省,且不少属于官员子弟;就乡试一级而言,冒籍者所冒主要为北皿与北贝字号。针对顺天科举冒籍问题,清政府采取了包括廪生担保、官员担保以及审音机制等在内的防治举措,但治理效果比较有限,冒籍应试始终是其科场上的一项顽症。

In the Qing Dynasty, taking the Imperial Examinations （IEs） with one＇ s domicile register was a basic principal of Imperial Examination system. Jiji was a way for floating population. Because of the differences of admitting rates and academic ability among different regions, many examinees went to Shuntian Area to take the IEs by forging household registers, especially in the population migration backgrounds. As for Geographical sources, the cheating examinees were mainly from Jiangnan, Zhejiang and other Culture developed provinces, and among them many were from officials family. It was through ＂north Min＂ and ＂north Bei＂ that he cheating examinees to take Shuntian provincial examination. The Qing government adopted Linbao, official security mechanism and other measures to prevent this kind of fraud phenomena, however, its actual effects were very limited. Taking the IEs by forging household registers had never been eradicated in this area, and was always a kind of stubborn problem.