非物质文化遗产与代表性传承人制度:来自田野的调查与思考

Intangible Cultural Heritage and System of Representative Inheritors: Fieldwork and Reflections

通过对国家级非物质文化遗产代表性传承人现状的实地调查,反思代表性传承人制度在实践中存在的问题,剖析缘由,并提出具体的解决措施和政策建议。我国代表性传承人制度存在遴选过程中的社区参与度不够、国家补助经费使用功能不明晰、新老代表性传承人更替机制不完善、传承效果的评价体系缺失、女性代表性传承人比例过低等问题。要解决实践中存在的这些问题,需要我们从观念和行动中做到:(1)还原"遗产主体"的内涵,在认定"个人"作用的同时,采取"团体认定"的方式,对"群体"、"社区"中的主要成员进行确认;(2)逐步建立遴选过程中的社区参与机制;(3)完善代表性传承人世代更替制度;(4)逐步提高女性代表性传承人比例。

This paper, on the basis of the fieldwork on the representative inheritors of national intangible cultural heritage, reflects on the problems of the system of representative inheritors, analyzes the reasons for the problems, and puts forward measures for problem-solving and/or suggestions for decision-making. The fieldwork has revealed such problems with the system as low levels of community participation in the selection of inheritors, confused use of government funds, incomplete mechanisms for succession of inheritors, lack of an assessment system for the effect of inheritance, and tiny proportion of women inheritors. To solve these problems, we need to ： （ 1 ） redefine the connotation of ＂ICH subjects＂, i. e. , while recognizing the roles of ＂individuals＂, we should adopt the ＂collective qualification＂ that incorporates chief members of ＂groups＂ and ＂communities＂ ; （2） set up the community participation system in the selection of inheritors ; （3） perfect the succession mechanism of representative inheritors, and （4） increase the proportion of women inheritors.