简论大君外交体制—以17世纪的日本与中朝交涉为中心

A Study of the Japanese “Tycoon”Diplomatic System

日本学者认为,日本作为大君外交体制的中心,把周边国家和地区视为夷狄,要求他们作为附属国称臣纳贡,从而形成了"日本型华夷秩序"。而事实是,为了打破在东北亚处于孤立境地的不利局面,德川幕府在建立之初努力寻找在华夷秩序内的合理定位,除千方百计接近明朝之外,还想方设法恢复与朝鲜的外交关系。在外交交涉失败之后,德川幕府不得不承认自己已经不再是华夷秩序完全成员的客观现实,被迫自我定位,构建了所谓"大君外交体制"。这种观点的理论依据具有很大的虚构性,与历史事实大相径庭,是必须加以克服的。

Some Japanese scholars believe that the Japanese ＂Tycoon＂diplomatic system was a unique international order established by Tokugawa Shogunate and represented by ＂Tycoon＂,independent of the traditional ＂Sino-centric Sphere Order＂（tributary system） and the nation-state order in Western Europe.Japan was the center of ＂Tycoon＂diplomatic system and the neighboring countries and regions must render tribute to it as ＂barbarians＂and tributary states,thus forming a ＂Japanese tributary system＂.However,this paper believes that the theoretical basis of this viewpoint is fictional and is not in line with the historical facts.The historical truth is： in order to break unfavorable and isolated situation in Northeast Asia,Tokugawa Shogunate tried to find its reasonable position within the ＂Sino-centric Sphere Order＂（tributary system） at the beginning of its establishment.In addition to make every attempt to approach Ming Dynasty,Tokugawa Shogunate also tried to find ways to restore diplomatic relations with Korea.After the failure in diplomatic negotiations,Tokugawa Shogunate had to accept the objective reality： it was no longer a full member of the tributary system.It was forced to self-positioning,and established the so-called ＂Tycoon diplomatic system＂.