民事证明责任倒置研究

Inversion of the Civil Burden of Proof

证明责任倒置制度在法律实务中应用颇为广泛,但是由于审判人员理解的偏差致使这一制度在实际审判过程中并未获得预期的效果。证明责任倒置设立的初衷是为保护处于弱势地位诉讼一方的当事人,必须以法律明文规定为前提,法官不得肆意改变证明责任。根据法律要件分类说,只有改变一般证明责任分配规则的法律规定才属于证明责任倒置,我国现行法律规定下仅仅存在于因医疗行为引起的侵权诉讼、因环境污染引起的损害赔偿诉讼、因产品制造方法发明专利引起的专利侵权诉讼这三种情况,《证据规定》中其他五种特别责任的规定不属于证明责任倒置。为完善证明责任倒置制度的缺陷和不足,应该保证证明责任倒置的法定化,减少法官自由裁量权,同时必须完善立法,明确适用规则。

The system of reversed burden of proof is commonly adopted in legal practice.However,due to judges＇ deviation of understanding,this system doesn＇t lead to a desired effect.The original intention of establishing the system of reversed burden of proof is to protect the party in a weak position of a lawsuit,where the system must be expressly provided by law and the judges may not arbitrarily change the burden of proof.According to the principle of legal requirement classification,only the legal provisions which change the rules of the general allocation of the burden of proof would fall into the reversed burden of proof.Under the current laws of our country,the provisions of reversed burden of proof are only applied in the three kinds of lawsuits：litigation for medical tort,litigation for damages caused by environmental pollution and litigation for infringement on invention of manufacturing skills or patents.In The Provisions on Evidence,the provisions on the other five kinds of special responsibility do not belong to the reversed burden of proof.In order to remove the defects and deficiencies in the system of reversed burden of proof,it should be ensured that the system of reversed burden of proof should be statutory and the judges＇ judicial discretion should be reduced.Meanwhile,the legislation work should be further improved and the applicable rules should be further clarified.