植被恢复的生态效应研究进展

Advances in the research of ecological effects of vegetation restoration

植被在水土保持、水源涵养及生态系统的固碳过程中起着重要的作用。植被恢复是指运用生态学原理,通过保护现有植被、封山育林或营造人工林、灌、草植被,修复或重建被毁坏或被破坏的森林和其他自然生态系统,恢复其生物多样性及其生态系统功能。目前,植被的自然及人工恢复是改善脆弱生态系统及退化生态系统生态环境现状最有效的措施。植被在恢复过程中对地上植被生态系统,物种多样性的恢复有着重要影响,同时通过凋落物及根系的输入,可以有效改善地下生态系统,增加土壤的养分含量、改善土壤的物理结构、增加土壤生物的生物量及活性。文章以地上及地下生态系统为出发点,综述了植被恢复过程中自然及人工恢复过程中不同的植被类型、不同的恢复时间下植物物种组成和多样性、土壤理化性质及土壤微生物群落的变化。植被的自然及人工恢复在一定程度上均能增加植物物种的多样性,随着恢复年限的增加物种的组成发生改变且多样性呈增加趋势,但一些特殊环境下不当的人工恢复可造成植被演替向退化方向发展,降低生物多样性。不同的植被类型由于其生长方式的不同对土壤理化性质和土壤微生物的影响存在差异,随着恢复年限的增长,土壤理化指标及微生物学指标呈现先增加而后趋于平稳的状态。针对已有的研究进展,提出在未来的研究过程中,一方面应该增加更多的对比研究,对不同环境下,不同的恢复物种,不同的恢复方式进行更深入地探讨;另外一方面应增加不同尺度的研究,现有的研究多集中在样地尺度,未来应在更大尺度上进行分析;再者,地上及地下生态系统之间的相互关系及影响机理一直是土壤学科研究的热点,植被恢复过程中应增加更多该方面的机理研究。

Vegetation plays an important role in soil and water conservation, carbon sequestration process in ecosystem. Vegetation restoration always use ecological principle to restore biological diversity and ecosystem function through existed vegetation protection, forest enclosure, artificial vegetation （forest, shrubbery and grass） planting and rehabilitation or reconstruction of destructed forests. Nowadays, Natural and artificial restoration of vegetation is considered as one of the most effective approaches to improve ecosystem health. Vegetation can greatly influence above-ground plant community structure and diversity during restoration process. Meanwhile, it can impact the properties of the below-ground ecosystem via enhancing litter and root input; increasing soil nutrients accumulation, improve soil physical structure and enhancing soil microbial biomass and activity during vegetation restoration process. This paper reviewed the effects of vegetation types and restoration times on plant community composition and diversity, soil physicochemical properties and soil microbial community during natural and artificial vegetation restoration. Both natural and artificial vegetation restoration could increase plant diversity. The composition of plant community is different on different restoration stages and the diversity would increase as restoration time increasing. However, unreasonable artificial vegetation restoration under specific environments would induce vegetation degradation and plant diversity decreasing. Different vegetation types have different impacts on soil physicochemical and microbial properties because of their different growth patterns. As restoration time increasing, soil physicochemical and microbial properties show an initial increasing at early stage and reach a stable status at late stage. According to the previous researches about vegetation restoration, we advised that more attention should be paid on comparative studies to investigate the effects of environmental condition, vegetation species and restoration approach during vegetation restoration processes in the future. In addition, the effects of vegetation restoration should be examined in larger spatial scale considering most existed studies were conducted in local scale. Finally, since the above and below ground linkages and behind mechanisms have become important issues in soil science research, such conception should be incorporated into the researches about effects of vegetation restoration.