迪尔凯姆整体论的方法论原则

The Methodological Principles of Durkheim's Holism

迪尔凯姆的社会学理论是20世纪社会学理论的典范,也是社会科学中整体论的典范,其方法论原则主要包括观察、解释社会事实的原则与求证社会事实之间的因果关系的原则。观察原则是指社会事实应该被当作物来研究;解释原则是指一种社会事实只能以另一种社会事实来解释;求证原则是指应根据同果同因的因果性公理,用共变法寻找社会事实之间的因果关系。他运用该方法论原则分析社会自杀率的原因,是社会学分析的一个典范。

Durkheim＇ s sociological theory is a paradigm of twentieth-century sociological theorizing, and of holism in social sciences. The methodological principles of his holism contains three aspects. The principle of observation is that social facts should be observed as things. The principle of explana- tion is that one kind of social fact should be explained by another kind of social fact. The principle of confirmation is, according to the maxim of causation： same cause, same effect, to use covariance method to find the causation between social facts. And his employment of these principles to analyze the cause of the social suicide rate is also a paradigm of sociological analysis.