宁夏贺兰山国家级自然保护区马鹿分布及集群特征的初步研究

Distribution and group size of red deer(Cervus elaphus) in Ningxia Helan Mountain National Nature Reserve,China

2009年1～12月,我们对宁夏贺兰山国家级自然保护区内的马鹿分布情况进行了调查。根据107个马鹿活动位点和572个马鹿痕迹位点,分别用95%的固定核空间法(Fixed kernel estimation,FKE)和100%的最小凸多边形法(Minimum convex polygon,MCP)进行计算,结果显示保护区内的马鹿分布面积约为642.33km2,占保护区总面积的33.19%,分布范围介于小水沟和榆树沟之间,插旗口和大水沟是马鹿分布密度最大的两个区域,而人为干扰较严重的黄旗口和小口子在调查过程中没有发现马鹿实体。我们对马鹿在冬季的种群数量进行了调查,利用模型均匀分布和简易多项式级数展开(Uniform+Simple polynomial),Distance 6.0的结果显示宁夏贺兰山马鹿的种群数量约为1420头(880～2300)。保护区内的马鹿在不同的季节有垂直迁移现象,冬季活动在低海拔地区。保护区内的马鹿集群较小(3.50±2.76,1～13头,n=107),且集群大小有季节性差异,冬季(4.26±3.09)明显大于其它季节。

Using 107 active points and 572 points （active and feces points） obtained in 2009 in Ningxia Helan Mountain National Nature Reserve we estimated the distribution area of red deer （ Cervus elaphus ） with 95% FKE （ Fixed kernel estimation） and 100% MCP （Minimum convex polygon）. We found the FKE and more GPS points resulted in a more accurate estimation. This method indicated that the distribution area of red deer was 642. 33 km2 , between Xiaoshuigou and Yushugou （38°23＇33＂ -38°56＇22＂N, 105°33＇36＂ -106°12＇22＂E） ; this area represents 33% of the total area of the reserve. Chaqikou and Dashuigou are the two highest density areas for red deer. Of the 37 line transects conducted, 19 line transects lie in the distribution area. Red deer were not encountered in Huangqikou and Xiaokouzi and these areas have the highest levels of anthropogenic disturbance. Using Distance 6. 0 （model： Uniform ＋ Simple polynomial）, we estimated the population size to be 1 420 （ 880 - 2 300 ） in the reserve. Red deer inhabited different elevations in different seasons and the lowest elevation was inhabited in winter. It was difficult to detect red deer in spring, summer and autumn because of vegetation cover and higher elevation areas. Red deer maintained small group sizes （ 3.50 ± 2. 76, range ： 1 - 13, n = 107 ） , but group size varied with season ; bigger groups formed （ 4. 26 ± 3.09 ） in winter. Red deer inhabited forest with less anthropogenic disturbance. Our findings show that reserve managers should minimize human disturbance in certain areas to attract more red deer.