从农民分家看1861年改革后俄罗斯社会的变迁

Taking the Farmer's Household Division as a Perspective to Russian Social Vicissitudes after the 1861 Reform

分家是农户家庭生活中的重要事件。它标志着家庭成员之间权利、义务的重新界定,家庭财产的再分配和家庭的再生产。改革后俄国农村分家盛行,使传统的宗法制大家庭走向解体,形成由父母和孩子组成的小家庭成为不可逆转之势。农民外出打工、家庭成员间的矛盾、家长的专横等促成大家庭解体;"全分"、"分劈"和"离开"是三种主要的分家方式;分家虽不利于农民物质生活水平的提高,但使小家庭的成员享有更多的自由和独立性。分家是农民生活方式的重大进步。

Dividing the household is the most significant event in traditional large farmer family,which redefine rights and responsibilities among the family members as well as reallocation and reproduction of family joint estate.Separated families became prevalent after the prevalence of reform in 1861.The collapse of traditional large farmer family modularity paved the way to form a brand new small family which consisted of parents and children.Rural labor emigration,contradiction among family members,patriarchal peremptoriness and so on stimulated the collapse of the large family modularity.In retrospect,dividing the assets once and only without surplus,dividing part of the property and forcible division are three main means of family separation.On the one hand,setting separated households is disadvantageous to the improvement of the farmers' material life.On the other hand,this behavior brought more freedom and independence to the members in new small families.Thus it is also a great improvement in these farmers' lifestyle.