价值学中“是与应该”的统一及儒家价值观

On the Unification of "To be" and "Ought to be" in Axiology and Confucian Views of Value

价值可分为劳动附加价值、存在论或天道论价值和道德引导价值三种。劳动附加值是一物作为劳动产品,其上所附加的人类劳动。天道论价值是自然物的内在价值,是它作为天道运行的一部分和它对于其他自然物的意义,自然物的工具性价值从属于它的天道价值。道德引导价值是实然和应然、事实与价值、是和应该的统一。当代生态哲学家罗尔斯顿肯定自然的生态系统中存在道德要求,科学规律可以转化为道德义务。其实,在不少语种的日常语言中,"自然"包含"自然的",这表明事实中包含着价值。又,生态规律的"必须"对于人来说,是一种"命令",是人的应该;再次,从本体论上看,最高的事实同时即是价值。所以,事实和价值是统一的。在儒家自然哲学中,自然和价值是统一的,天道和人道是一致的。这个认识对于当代生态哲学理论的建设具有重要意义。

Value can be divided into three kinds, namely, the value added to a man -made product by labor, ontological value or heavenly way value and value of moral guidance. The value added by labor is ulti- mately the value of labor. The ontological value is the inherent value of natural objects, being their signifi- cance to the whole universe and to other natural objects. The instrumental value of a natural objects subordi- nates to its ontological value. The value of moral guidance is the unification of fact and value as well as of ＂to be＂ and ＂ought to be＂. It is quite acceptable the conclusions advocated by Rolston III, a contemporary Amer- ican ecological philosopher, that there exist moral requirements in the ecological system of nature and that sci- entific laws can be transformed into moral duties. As a matter of fact, ＂nature＂, in many languages, contains ＂natural＂, which means that facts embody value. Again, the ＂must＂ in the ecological law, viz. , the obedi- ence of human being demanded by the ecological laws, is, to human being, also a kind of ＂order＂ or ＂com- mand＂ hence its ＂ought to be＂ that it should obey. Moreover, ontological speaking, the highest fact is mean- while value. Therefore, fact and value are unified. In Confucian natural philosophy, nature and value are uni- fied; heavenly way and human way are in accordance with each other. These are conclusions of great signifi- cances to the construction of current ecological theory.