科学社会研究的“实践转向”——布尔迪厄的科学实践社会学理论初探

The practice turn of social studies of science

为了打破元科学研究领域实证主义与建构主义的二元对立,布尔迪厄提出用反思性的实践逻辑取代"学究式"的理论逻辑,来呈现科学领域的本原面貌。在此基础上,他提出了科学场域、科学惯习、科学资本和科学实践等一系列"启发性概念",用以形成科学场域的实践理论。迈向实践的科学社会学理论主张运用关系主义的方法论和建构的结构主义认识论,去清晰再现科学场域的相对自律性特征,并倡导科学行动者利用科学反思性这一思想武器,实现科学主体的客体化和科学生活世界的理性化,以提高科学的自主性程度。

In order to break the binary opposition of positivism and constructivism in science of science, Bourdieu proposed to render the primitive outlook of scientific fields by the reflection of the logic of practice instead of ＂ pedantic＂ theoretical logic. On this basis, he proposed a series of inspired concept such as scientific field, scientific habits, scientific capital and scientific practice to former the theory of practice of scientific field. The scientific sociology towards practice advocates showing of the characteristic relative autonomy of the scientific field by the use of the relationalism methodology and the constructive strueturalism epistemology and enhancing the degree of autonomy of science by the use of the ideological weapon of scientific reflexivity.