孝:从家庭伦理到政治义务——基于《孝经》的分析

Filial Piety:From Family Ethics to Political Obligation——Based on Filial Piety

孝在中国文化中占有重要地位:从家庭生活看,子女孝顺父母是基本道德要求;从政治生活看,通过"移孝为忠"来论证臣民的政治义务是有中国特色的孝治理论。周朝在从家发展为国的社会结构支撑下,以孝治国具有源于人情的自然正当性。春秋战国之际,社会结构发生了变化,以孔子为代表的儒家丰富了孝的内涵,但此时儒家对孝的强调更侧重于观念。汉朝以孝治天下、推崇《孝经》,形成从重视孝观念向重视孝行为的转变。在"从上往下"看的视角中,《孝经》对"差序义务"的强调,使得统治者的责任对上不对下,但是在分封制废除、郡县制确立的背景下,"天子"与"士"直接相连,基于自然情感的孝被抽空了自然正当性。这一方面促使在上者以"恩惠"赐予在下者利益,另一方面促使在下者在"孝"的情感中由对人的"敬"转变为对位的"尊",这就为两千多年的专制制度埋下了伏笔,同时,此种权利-义务关系的思维模式对于当代中国仍然具有一定影响。

Filial Piety plays a key role in Chinese culture： Filial piety is both a basic requirement for children in family life and grounds for political obligation in political life. In Zhou Dynasty it is nature to govern people by filial piety under family-state structure. During the Spring arid Autumn Period, Confucian stressed filial piety in ideal rather than acts. In Han Dynasty the book of Filial Piety was held esteemed in changed social structures, which lead to two consequences： the first, governors were responsible for higher governors but not for the ruled; the second, the lower respected ＂position＂ rather than ＂agent＂ in political life. Filial Piety had deeply effects in Chinese rights-duty model until today.