宣统年间出关苦工若干问题考析

The Study of the Migration of Manual Laborers (kugong) to the Northeast during the Xuantong Reign (1908—12)

本文以宣统年间的出关苦工为研究对象,通过比较苦工流出地与流入地的工资差异,从经济角度解释了苦工的地区流向和职业取向。此外,通过分析中俄两国政府对待苦工的态度,阐释了苦工们在谋取到一定经济收益的同时,不仅引起了俄罗斯人反感,受到驱逐,而且被东北地方官和舆论视为流民,不愿招垦入籍。从东北移民整体历史来看,宣统年间出关苦工处于中俄两国政府态度转折前夜,经济上有利可图。

This article examines manual laborers （kugong）, who moved from Zhili and Shandong to the Northeast during the reign of the Emperor of Xuantong. The essay explains the kugong＇s choices of area and occupation economically, by comparing the discrepancies of earnings between the areas they left and the areas where they resettled. It also analyzes the attitudes of the Chinese and Russian governments toward this migration. Kugong did accumulate some economic assets, which not only led to Russian antipathy but stimulated measures to drive the Chinese out. At the same time, local Chinese officials and newspapers regarded kugong as refugees and refused to allow them to reclaim land or establish official residency. From the perspective of the history of migration to the Northeast, the Xuantong Reign was the eve of Chinese and Russian governments changing their attitudes towards kugong and it also represented an economic turning point.