耳目喉舌:旧知识与新交往——基于戊戌变法前后报刊的考察

“Ermuhoushe”: Old Knowledge and New Communication ——A Study on the Press around the Reform Movement of 1898

中国前现代的"耳目喉舌",是帝国政治机体上"一出一纳"之环节,由此构筑了整个帝国的政治交往关系。晚清时期的中国人,正是在这样的理念和制度基础上,接受并使用现代报刊。在他们的头脑里,在结构关系上,报刊同样类似于固有的"耳目喉舌",有益于帝王了解国情做出决策,从而改变中国政治交流不畅之弊病。然而,报刊的公开表达,不仅为中国传统文人讨论政治提供了体制外的通道,其同时共享,也必然带来"结群"之效,形成了不同的共同体。一份报纸就是一个共同体的核心,办报办会遂成一体。原有一体的"耳目喉舌"之政治交往结构虽然存在,但由于体制外政治交往的兴起,一家独尊成为一家之言,帝国朝廷的"耳目喉舌"不得不与不同"群体"的"耳目喉舌"分庭抗礼,中国由政治报刊进入政党报刊,在不同"耳目喉舌"的作用下,政治关系和格局四分五裂。此种观念,迄今仍影响着今天的报刊制度及其实践。

As an inalienable part of empire＇s political organization, China＇s pre-modern ＂ermuhoushe＂ （ear, eye, throat, tongue） press functioned as ＂input/output＂ for the empire and constituted its entire political interaction relationships. Influenced by this idea and system, Chinese people in late Qing adopted the modern press. In their conception, modern press＇s structural relationship with the empire was similar to the old ＂ermuhoushe＂ and it would aid the emperors to gather information and make policy decision that in the end would change existing inefficient political interaction system. However, as open expression was embedded with modern press, not only did it provide a channel that is outside the system for Chinese traditional intelligentsia to deliberate on political affairs, but also became a breeding ground for ＂socialization＂ and the formation of different communities with synchronized sharing made possible by the modern press. A newspaper is the core of a community and publishing newspaper and setting up association were integrated. The old political interaction system epithelized by the ＂ermuhoushe＂ still existed, but its monopoly became to crumbling down. Empire＇ s ＂ermuhoushe＂ had to compete with different groups＇ ＂ermuhoushe＂ made possible by the political interaction that was outside the system. Chinese political press entered the phase of party press with a landscape of shattered political relationships. This specific idea still exerts its influence on modern day system and practice of Chinese press.