俸米商业化与旗人身份的错位——兼论商人与京城旗人的经济关系

The Commercialization of Polished Rice as Payment and Dislocation of Banner People's Identity: With a Discussion of the Economic Relations between Merchants and Banner People in Beijing

在清朝,享有国家俸米者除贵族、官僚外,便是八旗旗人。但八旗俸米"常令充赢",在城市化过程中,旗人往往需要以多余的俸米兑换生活必需的银两。于是,一些买卖俸米的商人应运而生,旗人与商人之间因俸米形成了经济关系,这种关系随着旗人向商人预支银两、寅吃卯粮,逐渐演变成债权与债务的关系。八旗乃清朝之根本,统治者采取各种措施对贫困旗人进行救助,但以八旗不农不工不商的限定,在保障国家兵制与国力的同时,也使旗人陷入身份的制约,而追求享乐的社会风气无疑是加速旗人特别是下层旗人贫困化的催化剂。

Banner people had the right to earn polished rice as payment besides royal bureaucracy. Dur- ing the course of urbanization banner people were often in need of excess polished rice to exchange life necessities. The businessmen aiming at the rice came into beifig. The economic relationship took shape between Bannerman and businessmen for the polished rice as payment, and the relationship gradually evolved into the relation of creditor and debtor with advancing payment from the businessmen. The ruler took various measures to help impoverished banner people. As suffering from the limitation and ensuring the national military as well as power, the banner people were lost in the plight of identity and constraint. Moreover, the pursuit of pleasure in society undoubtedly became a catalyst to acceler- ate pauperization of Banner people especially lower Banner people.