2005～2010年我国自然灾害救助应急响应的时间变化特征

TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION CHARACTERISTICS OF EMERGENCY RESPONSES FOR NATURAL DISASTER RELIEF IN CHINA DURING 2005-2010

自然灾害救助应急响应是减轻自然灾害风险的重要途径,也是政府的重要职责,2005年被纳入《国家自然灾害救助应急预案》,反映了我国自然灾害救助工作的发展变化和"以预防为主"的应急管理新思路。收集整理2005～2010年国家启动的历次自然灾害救助应急响应情况,对应急响应的时间变化特征进行分析讨论。结果表明:(1)2005～2010年,国家共针对130次重大灾害事件启动应急响应235次,各级别响应的比例与灾害发生的频次比例相当;(2)近年应急响应以洪涝、台风及其引发的滑坡和泥石流灾害为主,高发重发期在汛期(6～9月),尤以7月为最;而旱灾、低温冷冻和雪灾以及风雹灾害的关键期分别为春夏秋三季、冬春季节和春末夏初;(3)应急响应特征研究启示减灾救灾工作要因时、因地、因灾制宜,并加快基于过程的灾害风险评估和脆弱性机理研究等。

Emergency responses for natural disaster relief is a critical approach to reduce natural disaster risks,also it is one of the governments important responsibilities.It had been incorporated into the National Emergency Plan for Natural Disaster Relief of China since the year of 2005.After collecting and sorting information of natural disaster emergency responses which were launched during 2005-2010,calculating the response frequency,and making comparison with disaster damages and losses information,the temporal variation characteristics of emergency responses had been analyzed and discussed.The main conclusions were as follows.（1） During 2005-2010,altogether 235 national emergency responses were launched targeting all 130 major disasters.Among them,the ratio between high-grade responses-grade I or II-for catastrophic disasters and low-grade responses-grade III and IV-for normal major disasters was matching the disaster occurrence frequency,complying with the fundamental law of the major disaster occurrence in China.（2） In recent years,the launched emergency responses were mainly caused by floods,typhoons,and their induced landslides and mudslides,which reflected that the severest and most frequent occurrence period was from June to September,the main flooding season,extremely in July.The key occurrence period of drought disaster was spring,summer and autumn seasons,that of low temperature and snow disaster was winter-spring season,and that of heavy wind and hail diaster was from the end of spring to the beginning of summer season,matching the monsoon climate characteristics and occurrence time of metrological disasters in China.（3） The temporal variation characteristics of emergency responses showed development of China and changes in dealing with natural disaster relief.The number of people evacuated and resettled was the indicator that necessitated the initiation of the greatest number of emergency responses.It reflected the importance that China had attached to natural disaster relief and the new paradigm of taking prevention as first priority in emergency management in recent years.（4） The study on emergency response characteristics manifested that measures for disaster relief and reduction should be suited to different conditions in terms of time,location as well as types of natural hazards,and research on disaster risk assessment and vulnerability mechanism during the process of disaster evolvement should be expedited.