生物多样性控制作物病害研究进展

Mechanism on biodiversity managing crop diseases

自然资源的合理利用和生态环境保护是人类实现可持续发展的基础,生物多样性的研究和保护已成为世界各国普遍关注的重大问题。农作物病害是农业生产上重要的生物灾害,是制约农业可持续发展的主要因素之一,抗病品种大面积单一化种植导致了农业生物多样性水平严重降低,因而农业生物多样性的过度丧失已成为可持续农业所面临的主要难题。利用生物多样性持续控制作物病害能减轻作物病害发生和作物产量损失,达到保护作物多样性,减少农药过量施用给农业生态环境造成破坏的最终目的,而揭示生物多样性控制作物病害的机制能有效地指导生产上对不同作物进行合理布局和轮换,建立作物不同组合的优化搭配和种植模式。文章从分子、生理和生态水平研究农业生物多样性控制作物病害的机制、以及影响作物多样性控制病害的因素、覆盖作物等几方面对生物多样性控制作物病害的研究进展进行概述,同时对今后生物多样性控制作物病害机制还需加强的研究部分进行了展望。

Reasonable utilization of natural resource and protection of ecological environment is the foundation for im- plementing agricultural sustainable development. Biodiversity research and protection are becoming an important issue concerned commonly in the world. Crop disease is one of the important natural disasters for food production and safety, and is also one of the main reasons that confine sustainable development of agricultural production. Large-scale deployment of single highly resistant variety results in reduction of agro-biodiversity level. In this case, excessive loss of agro-biodiversity has become the main challenge in sustainable agriculture. Biodiversity can not only effectively alleviate disease incidence and loss of crop production, but also reduce pollution of agricultural ecological environment caused by excessive applica-tion of pesticides and fertilizers to the agricultural ecological environment. Discovery of the mechanism of biodiversity to control crop diseases can reasonably guide the rational deployment and rotation of different crops and establish optimization combinations of different crops. This review summarizes recent advances of research on molecular, physiological, and ecological mechanisms of biodiversity managing crop diseases, and proposes some research that needs to be strengthened in the future.