当前中国慈善事业的运行基础——观念·政策·组织

On the Operation Foundation of Current Charity in China --Idea, Policy and Organization

从观念、政策和组织三个维度出发，对当前中国慈善事业的运行基础进行深入剖析。经过近20年的发展，中国慈善事业虽然取得了显著成效，然而目前仍处于起步阶段，因为观念、政策和组织都存在明显缺陷。客观地讲，国人慈善观念尚未固化，并随社会思潮呈现摇摆多元态势。与之对应的政策在慈善事业的市场和社会准入问题上审慎而犹疑。这种有限取向，在引致种种慈善乱象的同时，业已无法适应国内日益旺盛的慈善需求。尽管2010年以来，中央及部分地区频频出台各种利好政策，但慈善发展的政策环境依旧不容乐观。在国家让渡出的有限空间中，行政化路径仍是慈善落实的主流选择。市场化和社会化逻辑虽做部分探索，但或多或少都面临着合法性及可持续困局，各种社会争议也总是如影随形。区别于李昌平等部分公共知识分子所倡导的由“垄断慈善”走向“竞争慈善”，政策演进的现实性和复杂性提醒我们：慈善事业由国家而社会的转移并不顺利。中国慈善事业迎来的将是一个垄断与竞争长期并存的双轨时期。

The paper attempts to deeply analyze the operation foundation of China＇s current charity from three perspectives, namely, idea, policy and organization. The study shows that China＇s charity has made great progress in the last 20 years, but is still in its startup stage. It can be easily found that there are obvious defects in ideas, policies and organizations. Objectively speaking, Chinese ideology of charity has not been stabilized, and is on diverse trends with ethos development. Correspondingly, caution and hesitation are the characteristics of policies on charity market and social access, which cause chaos in charity as well as unsatisfied charitable demands. Although the central government and some regions have frequently introduced different positive policies since 2010, the political environment for China＇s charity is still not optimistic. Within the limited range allowed by government at all levels, ways of administration are still the main trends of charity practice. Though marketization and socialization are also being probed, they still face crisis from legitimacy and sustainability as well as social controversy everywhere. Differing with ＂monopoly charity＂ to ＂competition charity＂ proposed by some public intellectuals including Li Changping, we, based on the reality and complexity of policy evolution, believe that the transformation of China＇s charity from government to society is not smooth. It will be a long dual track stage of coexistence between competition and monopoly.