论公司以外其他法人的外交保护问题——以联合国《外交保护条款草案》为依据

Discussion on Diplomatic Protection of Legal Persons Beyond Companies——On the basis of U.N.Draft Articles on Diplomatic Protection

外交保护是国家保护海外国民最重要的法律手段之一,也是当代国际法的重大问题之一。联合国国际法委员会2006年通过的《外交保护条款草案》是该领域目前最为权威的国际文件。外交保护的对象分为自然人和法人,然而《外交保护条款草案》对于法人主要规定了公司的外交保护问题,而对于公司以外的法人类型只是通过《草案》第13条采用比照公司的方式加以规定。这种做法不但是明智的,而且可能也是无奈的。同时,对非政府组织的外交保护和对一人公司的外交保护也具有一定的特殊性,但同样应当适用《草案》第13条的规定。

Diplomatic protection,an important issue of international law,is one of the most significant legal means to protect overseas citizens.Draft Articles on Diplomatic Protection,agreed by United Nations International Law Commission in 2006,is regarded as the most authorized international document at present.The protection target of diplomatic protection includes both natural person and legal person.However,on the issue of legal persons,Draft Articles on Diplomatic Protection mainly formulated diplomatic protection issues of companies.As for other types of legal persons out of companies,the regulations can only be found in item 13 of this draft by comparing to those of companies,which is wise but frustrating.Meanwhile,diplomatic protection of non-governmental organization and one-member company,with its own specialty,can also adopt the regulations in item 13 of the draft.