1886年李鸿章、拉德仁天津会谈与中、俄朝鲜政策

The Tianjin Negotiations between Li Hongzhang and Nikolai Ladyzhensky in 1886 and the Korea Policies of China and Russia

19世纪80年代,宁静的东北亚开始演变为中、日、俄三角及其他列强介入的复杂局面,朝鲜被迫对外通商开放并由此引起内部政治力量分裂为亲日、亲俄、亲华等政治派别,且与当时东北亚复杂的国际局势相呼应。通过"壬午兵变"、"甲申政变",日本的势力暂时蛰伏,然俄国势力却趁机介入,相继发生"韩俄密约"和"巨文岛事件",挑战中朝宗藩关系体制。为了解燃眉之急,也为了长远协调中、俄朝鲜政策,1886年9月,李鸿章邀请俄国驻华代办拉德仁至天津进行了五次会谈,最后双方达成了具有实效的口头"君子协定",不但杜绝了"韩俄密约"、迫使英国退出了"巨文岛",且双方都承诺"不占朝鲜领土"、(有条件地)"不改变朝鲜现状",中、俄两国从战略上建构和协调了彼此的朝鲜政策,对维持甲午战前东北亚局势的相对稳定起了一定作用。

In the 1880s,the originally peaceful situation of Northeast Asia evolved into a complex triangular relationship between China,Japan and Russia,with the intervention of other powers. Korea was forced to open to foreign trade,and its domestic politics was split into pro-Japan,pro-Russia and pro-China factions,echoing the complex international situation of Northeast Asia. After the 1882 mutiny and the 1884 coup d'etat in Korea,Japanese forces temporarily went into hibernation,but Russian forces seized the chance and entered Korea. The Korean-Russian Secret Treaty,followed by the Geomundo Incident,challenged the tributary relationship between China and Korea. Faced with a crisis,and hoping to coordinate Chinese and Russian policies toward Korea in the long term,Li Hongzhang invited the Russian charge d'affaires Ladyzhensky to Tianjin for five rounds of negotiations. In the end the two parties concluded an effective oral 'Gentleman's Agreement. 'It blocked the Korean-Russian Secret Treaty,forced Great Britain to retreat from Geomundo,and included a promise that the two parties would'not occupy Korean territory'and ( conditionally) 'not change the status quo of Korea. 'Strategically, China and Russia settled and coordinated their policies toward Korea,and this played a definite role in maintaining the comparative stability of Northeast Asia before the Sino-Japanese War of 1894—1895.