某汽车制造厂主要职业病危害因素及其对工人健康的影响

Major occupational hazards and its effect on health of workers in an automobile manufacturing enterprise

目的了解广州市某汽车制造企业存在的主要职业病危害因素和工人的健康状况,以便及时发现存在的问题,提出合理化建议。方法对2011年该汽车制造企业的职业病危害因素监测和工人健康检查资料进行分析。结果该企业的主要职业病危害因素是噪声、电焊烟尘、锰及其化合物等,作业场所噪声强度和空气中锰及其化合物浓度合格率分别为59.6%、87.5%,电焊烟尘、其他粉尘合格率分别为87.5%、88.9%,其余均符合国家职业卫生标准。工人慢性咽炎、心电图异常、脂肪肝和慢性鼻炎患病率分别为35.5%、24.2%、11.2%和10.4%。噪声接触工人较非接触工人听力明显下降(χ2=13.409,P<0.01),接触粉尘工人慢性鼻炎患病率显著高于非接触工人(χ2=3.905,P=0.048);电焊作业工人尿锰含量明显高于非电焊工人(χ2=47.477,P<0.01)。结论噪声是该企业最严重的职业病危害因素,对接触工人造成了听力损伤,听力损伤发生率随接触工龄延长而增加,存在剂量-反应关系,值得重视,同时应加强对粉尘和电焊烟尘接触工人的健康检查。

[Objective] To understand the existed major occupational hazards and health conditions of workers in an automobile manufacturing enterprise of Guangzhou City,so as to find out the existing problems timely and put forward rationalization proposal.[Methods]The monitoring results of occupational hazards and health examination results of workers were analyzed in an automobile manufacturing enterprise in 2011.[Results]The main occupational hazards were noise,welding fumes,manganese and its compounds,etc.The qualified rates of noise intensity,manganese and its compounds in the air,welding fumes and other dusts were 59.6%,87.5%,87.5% and 88.9%,respectively.The rest were in line with national standards for occupational health.The prevalence of chronic pharyngitis,abnormal ECG,fatty liver and chronic rhinitis were 35.5%,24.2%,11.2% and 10.4% respectively.There was a statistical significance in the rate of hearing loss among between noise-exposed workers and the non-noise-exposed workers（χ2=13.409,P0.01）.The prevalence of chronic pharyngitis of dust-exposed workers was significantly higher than non-dust-exposed workers（χ2=3.905,P=0.048）.The urine manganese of welding worker was significantly higher than non-welding worker（χ2=47.477,P0.01）.[Conclusion]The most severe occupational hazard in the enterprise is the noise which causes hearing loss of the workers that increases with an extend service length,with dose-response relationship.This phenomenon should be emphasized and the physical examination to the dust or welding exposed workers should be also strengthened.