清代官学教育的特点——兼论适应性教育的后果及其启示

Characteristics of Official Schools in Qing Dynasty——Also on the Consequence of Adaptability Education & Its Implications

视教育为教化以适应政治需要,视程朱理学为知识来源以确立统一的思想和行为规范,以科举制度作为教育发展的制度保障,以功名利禄作为调动士子求学的激励因素,以文字狱实现对士人的彻底控制,是清代官学教育的特点。这种教育在适应政治需要、维护统治秩序方面显示出巨大的优势,却在应对社会变革并引领社会发展方面呈现出明显的弊端,致使近代以来的社会处于严重的危机之中。适应性教育的这种后果,对重新认识教育及其规律乃至对今日教育改革不乏启示。

ment, seeing the high official positions and riches as the motivator of intellectuals, and controlling the intellectuals through the hterary inquisition. This kind of education had an obvious advantage in meeting with the political need and maintaining the ruling order. However there are some disadvantages in responding to the change of society and guiding the social development, thus leading the modern society to the serious crisis. The consequence of adaptability education has provided for us some implications for reconsidering education and its law and even today＇ s education reform. Key words： Qing Dynasty; imperial education system; adaptability education; imperial examination system