基于轴辐网络模型的中欧集装箱航线优化

The Hub-and-spoke Container Liner Route between China and Northwest European

国际经济发展刺激跨洋集装箱运输需求不断增长,航运企业在航线中配置几个枢纽港,枢纽港通过较小的船舶转运到相连集货港,集装箱运输网络呈现轴辐网络形态。该研究选择中国和西北欧36个集装箱港口作为研究对象,建立集装箱海运轴辐网络模型,假设航运网络为纯轴辐网络形态,研究非容量限制下单配置枢纽中位问题,通过计算网络运输总成本,优化航线网络中枢纽港个数和位置,优化航运网络结构。该研究建立了非对称成比例模型,对欧盟的港口集装箱统计数据进行分解,得到不同方向航线港口间的运输矩阵。模拟结果表明,轴辐网络相对传统直线网络可节省53%～95%运输成本;枢纽港个数设置为6个,网络运输总成本达到最小,但东西向和双向航线中,最优枢纽港个数随着折扣系数的不同有差别;香港、高雄和上海是中国区域最优枢纽港;在北欧,最优枢纽港包括泽布吕赫港,汉堡港和勒阿弗尔港。

： The hub-and-spoke network has been applied in the maritime transport since 1980s. To make more profit, large containerships are required to calls only a limited number of large ports. Therefore, a hub-and-spoke network would be a better way, comparing to traditional direct call network, for operating liner fleets, in which the bigger and faster ships running on the main routes among the hub ports, and the smaller feeders connect the origins with hub ports or hub ports with destinations. This paper presented a Hub-and-Spoke Maritime Container Transport model （HSMCTm） which tried to minimize the total transport cost of the network after the model result defined hub ports, and the spoke ports and their alloca- tions. The heuristic algorithm was used for realistically sized instances and the solution was optimized by comparing the alternative results from the model computation. A non-Symmetrical Proportional Model （nSPM） was developed to calculate the O-D container matrix of the port system. Then they were applied in the China-Northern west European container liner route, which is under the rapid expansion of container shipping. The result revealed that the hub-and-spoke network possesses the advantage of economic of scale. Comparing to traditional direct call network, the total cost can be reduced to 53% -95% under different scenarios. The total cost curve showed a ＂U＂ shape. As the number of hub ports increased, the total cost declined at first then climbed up. The optimal number of hubs in the network is 6 or 7, while the number varied in eastward and westward route with different discount index. In China, Hongkong, Kaoshiung of Taiwan, and Shanghai were the unalterable hub location, while in Northwest European, Zeebrugge, Hamburg, Le Havre, Rotterdam, Antwerp, Felixtowe, and Southampton were alternative hub ports.