从两周军事铭文用词看中国古代早期的军事文化

Military Culture of Early Ancient China Reflected in Military Inscriptions of Eastern and Western Zhou Dynasty

战争是政治的延续。"国之大事在祀在戎"时代的两周军事铭文揭示了原始"人本"观念的萌芽、发展历程。从其铭文用词可以看出从殷商到两周时期,战争观念有继承,也有较大的改变:祭祀在战争中显得更加简便,意在安慰参与者的心灵世界。具体的心理描写更关注战争主体的存在及其表现,也更重视军队组织的规范化和合理化、军队管理的细节、战争有效性和战争维护,这说明权利安全和生命安全意识得到加强。这些方面都表明两周时期随着战争强度的升级,原始"人本"观念、"慎兵"理念得到了进一步的发展和凸现。

War is the continuation of politics. The military inscriptions of Eastern and Western Zhou Dynasty represented by ＂the most important state affairs are sacrifice and warfare＂ indicate the process of sprout and development of original ＂humanity＂ values. From the wording of inscriptions then, one thing is clear that there is inheritance as well as obvious changes about warfare concept from Yin Dynasty and Shang Dynasty, namely sacrifice in wars became much more convenient, which aims at consolidating the souls of soldiers. The detailed psychological description paid more attention to the existence and performance of warfare subject as well as the standardization and rationalization of military organization, the specific matters of military management, the warfare efficiency and safeguard, which exemplifies the safety of rights and lives have been strengthened. All those demonstrate along with the escalation of warfare intension in Eastern and Western Zhou Dynasty, the original ＂humanity＂ values and the ideology of ＂cautious resorts to arms＂ have been further developed and featured.