古方言语气词考四则

Annotations of Four Modal Words in the Ancient Dialects

呵、吔、殹、居等四个古方言语气词不见或少见于传世典籍及字典辞书。马王堆汉墓出土的帛书《老子》使用语气词"呵"和"吔",反映了汉代口语面貌,其意义和用法分别与"兮"和"也"相近。"殹"是具有秦国方言特色的语气词,其意义和用法相当于"也",但表达的语气比"也"更加严肃和沉重,多出现在法律条文中。"居"是具有齐鲁地方特色的一个语气词,有时写作"其"或"期",至今仍活跃在山东人的口语当中。

He, ye, yi and ji are four modal words in the ancient dialect, and they are seldom included in dictionaries. The modal word ＂he＂ and ＂ye＂ are found in the silk books unearthed from Mawangdui, and they reflect the oral language in the Han dynasty. Their meanings and usages are close to ＂xi＂ and ＂ye＂ respectively. ＂Yi＂ is a modal word in the Qin dynasty, and its meaning and usage is equivalent to ＂ye＂ with more serious tone and always in law. ＂Ji＂ is a modal word with the characteristics of the oral language in Qi and Lu state, and is still used in Shandong dialect.