玻利维亚的民族关系与民族政策

Ethnic Relations and Ethnic Policies in Bolivia

玻利维亚的印第安人占全国人口的60%,共有36个印第安民族,人数最多的是克丘亚人和艾马拉人。长期以来,玻利维亚的印第安人受尽新老殖民者的剥削和压迫,处在社会的最底层,50%的印第安人处在极端贫困状态,而掌握土地和矿产资源的几乎都是白人或印欧混血种人。经过不懈的斗争,2006年初,印第安艾马拉人埃沃·莫拉莱斯出任总统,成为玻利维亚历史上首位印第安人总统。莫拉莱斯执政后,制定并通过了新宪法,确定"玻利维亚是社群性的多民族权利社会的统一国家",玻利维亚议会决定将国名由"玻利维亚共和国"改为"多民族玻利维亚国",强调玻利维亚多民族国家的性质,莫拉莱斯政府通过推行一系列法规和政策措施,从根本上调整和改变了玻利维亚的民族关系,使印第安人的处境有了明显改善,但政府也面临着各种挑战。

Indian people is the biggest population of Bolivia, up to 60 percent of the nation＇s whole population. The Indian ethnic people are of as many as thirty-six branches, among them, the Quechua the Ayrrmra are two most populous groups. Since the long time far from the colonial era, Bolivian Indian people, suffered all kinds of exploitation by the colonial authority, have been thrown into the lowest ceil in the social ladder, almost half of the Indian ethnic people live in an extreme poverty. On the other hand, all the land and mineral resources are controlled by whites and Indo- European hybrids. Through a constant struggle, eventually Evo Morales as the first original Indian person became Bolivian president in the year of 2006. Under the Morales administration, a constitution was passed, in which Bolivia is identified as an ethnically united nation as well, and the former Republic of Bolivia was changed into the ethnically united Bolivia. All of these steps are served to identify the nature of Bolivia state made up of multiple ethnic groups. With this kind of policies and measures, the ethnic relations and the social status in Bolivian society has been improved evidently.