我国乡土景观研究的发展历程、学科领域及其评述

Research review on development stages and disciplinary fields of vernacular landscapes in China

论文对不同学科在乡土景观领域的学术成果进行了综述性研究,探索低资源建设高效性人工生态系统的途径,具体方法为:围绕农业农田景观及乡村聚落景观两大对象梳理了研究发展历程,横向比较了美学、社会学、文化地理学、景观生态学、建筑学及风景园林学科关于乡土景观研究对象、目的、方法及内容的差异,总结出既往研究的两大特征,即纵向观察得出的外部因素对乡土景观研究热点变迁的主导性影响,横向观察得出的多学科交叉互动对乡土景观研究的推动作用。从以上两大特征可以看出,在乡土景观的形成过程中,人的主体性体现为高效利用地域资源方面的经验与智慧,这些经验和智慧深刻地反映在生活、生产和生态环境等物质空间中,体现在不同尺度的乡村聚落景观系统、农田景观系统和整体人文生态系统中,呈现出不同的物质空间形态和组合特征,具有典型性和模式化特点,值得认真继承与发扬。利用低资源建设高效性的人工生态系统即为乡土景观研究的本质问题。从而界定出如下结论:乡土景观的概念为能够充分适应特定地域自然与人文环境、在特殊人地关系长期作用下形成的乡村复合生态系统。最终,提出加强深层本质问题与基础理论的深化研究,推进学科领域的多元探索与范式收敛的研究展望。

This study was a systematic review focusing on vernacular landscapes in different academic realms.It explored ways for effectively building artificial ecosystems with low resources.The research analyzed the development core around two objects of agro-farmland landscapes and rural landscapes.Next,the paper made horizontal comparisons of the differences in aesthetics,sociology,cultural geography,landscape ecology,architecture and landscape architecture disciplines on the object,purpose,method and content of vernacular landscapes.Subsequently,the two major characteristics of previous studies were summarized.The first of these characteristics was that external factors dominated research focused changes of vernacular landscape according to longitudinal observation.The second was that multi-disciplinary interactions played promoting role according to horizontal observation.From the above two characteristics,it was concluded that the man’s subjectivity was embodied in the experiences and wisdoms reflected in life.It was also as a result of productions and ecosystems in terms of efficient uses of local resources.There was also the incarnation of the different scales of rural settlement landscapes,farmland landscapes and integral humanism ecosystem.These presented in different material space forms and combinations with typical characteristics and patterns.These experiences and wisdoms deserved serious inheritance and development.Therefore the inherent problem of local landscape research was building efficient artificial ecosystems with low resources.As a result,the concept of vernacular landscape was a rural complex ecosystem fully adapted to specific regional natural and humanistic environments.It reflected the special relationships among humans and lands with long-term effects.At the end,it put forward the outlook of future research as deepened basic theories and nature of problems,which diversified exploration and paradigm convergence of disciplines.