阿克苏市4个枣品种物候特性的观测研究

Study on Phenological Character of Four Ziziphus Jujuba Cultivars in Aksu,Xinjiang

【目的】进一步了解不同枣品种在干旱绿洲灌溉环境条件下的适应性,为不同时期栽培管理措施和科学布局提供理论依据。【方法】对阿克苏市主栽的灰枣、骏枣、赞皇大枣和冬枣的主要物候特性进行定期定株观测、记载和对比分析。【结果】(1)从萌芽至果实成熟,历时天数最长的是赞皇大枣(164 d),最短的是骏枣(156 d);(2)各品种的同一物候期相差2～3 d,灰枣的盛花期较其它品种延长10 d左右;(3)果实发育时间最长的为赞皇枣(115 d),最短的为灰枣(107 d);(4)6月上、中旬至7月中、下旬是枣树落花、落果高峰期,平均落花率达55.81%,其中落花最高为赞皇大枣(64.28%),最低为灰枣(50.00%),两者相差近15%;平均落果率为85.93%,最高为赞皇大枣(94.12%),最低为灰枣(77.78%);(5)冬枣、骏枣和赞皇大枣盛花期时气温是23～24℃,灰枣在25℃;结果期所需气温大致相同,达到25℃即可。【结论】4个枣品种的萌芽期、开花期、果实发育期和落花落果率存在差异,确定不同品种最佳适生栽培区时应考虑品种间的物候特征。

[ Objective ] The purpose of the project aims to provide the theoretical basis of cultivation management measures and scientific layout in different periods by further understanding of different jujube cultivars adaptability in arid oasis irrigation. [ Method ] Observation, recording and comparative analysis of the main phenological characters of Huizao, Junzao, Zanhuangdazao, and Dongzao in Aksu, Xinjiang were carried out in the project. [Result] The result showed： from germ/nation to fruit mature days, the longest is Zanhuangdazao （164 days） and the shortest is Junzao （156 days） ; in the same phenophase, difference of 2 to 3 days was found among the cuhivars. The flowering stage of Huizao extend about 10 days; the fruit development time of Zanhuangdazao is the longest （ 115 days）, the shortest is Huizao（ 107 days） ; the time between the middle of June and middle or late July is the time for jujube flowering and fruit drop peak, and mean of the fallen petal rate is 55.81%, among which the fallen petal for Zanhuangdazao is the highest （64.28%）, minimum for Huizao（50.00% ）. The difference between the two is nearly 15%. The average fruit drop rate is 85.93%, the highest is Zanhuangdazao （94.12%） and the lowest is Huizao（77.78% ） ; the temperature of the full - bloom stage of Dongzao, Junzao, and Zanhuangdazao is 23 - 24℃, and 25℃ for Huizao. The required temperature for the fruiting stage is roughly same, that is 25℃. [ Conclusion ] The flowering, fruit development and flower and fruit drop rate of the four jujube cultivars are different, which might be useful to determine the best optimal growth cultivation area of the different eultivars when intervarietal phenological characteristics are being considered.