基本权利具体化之辨伪

On Falsification of Specification of Fundamental Rights

基本权利的具体化是一个如何实施基本权利规范的问题,涉及法律的品质、宪法与法律、宪法与公权力的关系。立基于防御品质的早期基本权利具体化是一个法律保留问题,在很大程度上与基本权利限制同义,意在通过立法划定外部界限明确其内容,其后发展了国家保护义务与重大性理论,行政权与司法权亦负有具体化基本权利的义务。具体化的实质一则在于确定以立法者为优先的所有国家机关之于基本权利的义务;二则在于在形成基本权利内容的同时划定不受公权力支配的核心领域;三则在于使基本权利于具体生活关系中获得内容。广义上的基本权利具体化包括三方面的内容,即基本权利的形成、限制与保护,狭义的基本权利具体化要求普通法律在具体的生活领域与生活关系中形成基本权利的内容。

Specification of fundamental rights concerns how to apply norms of fundamental rights, in which features of law and relations between the Constitution and laws, between the Constitution and public powers are involved. The early defense - based feature was a reserve of law, to a great extent similar to limita- tion of fundamental rights, relying on legislation to specify the bounder and to determine the content. The obli- gation of national protection and theory of significance developed afterwards, in which the administrative power and judicial power assumed the obligation to specify fundamental fights. The essence of specification lies in the following three aspects. Firstly, all national organs should assume obligation to fundamental rights while legis- lators enjoy priority. Secondly, once the content of fundamental rights is specified, the core area free from domination of public power is clarified. Thirdly, the content of fundament fights should root in real life. The general connotation of specification of fundamental fights includes formation, limitation and protection of fun- damental rights; while the specific connotation requires common laws generate content of fundamental fights from real life and social relations.