智库对美国外交决策的影响方式及原因探究

Causes and Ways of the Impact of the Think Tank on the U.S.Foreign Policy

20世纪末,在美国国内国际事务日益复杂的大背景下,智库蓬勃发展并且在美国外交决策中担任重要角色。这些智库在具有传统智库特征的同时,也有着自身明显的特色,按职能标准将美国智库分为学术智库、游说智库和合同智库三种。由于美国政府决策的各阶段、各层次决策主体特点的不同,智库有针对性地采取诸如组建专业总统竞选团队、"旋转门"效应、利用大众传媒引导和教育公众、利用人脉和专有渠道举行学术会议、发布会以及午餐会、出版刊物、发布报告提供外交思想和政策建议等方式施加影响。智库对美国外交决策施加多种影响是由美国政治制度、政治传统及智库本身特点决定的。美国智库近年来出现了在数量上不断增加、研究议题多样化、工作网络日益国际化及与政府政策联系日益紧密的趋势,这些趋势使得智库研究外交政策的范围更加广泛。可以预见,美国智库在外交决策研究中的重要性和影响力将在今后进一步增强。

In the late 20th century, in the context of increasingl affairs, think tanks were booming and played an important role in U. S. y complicated domestic and international foreign policy decisions. Think tanks did not only have the traditional features, but ＂also their own characteristics; U.S. think tanks can be divided into three kinds according to their functions, i.e. academic think tank, lobbying think tank and contracts think tanks. Due to the different characteristics of the decision-making body in the U.S. government in various stages of the decision- making at all levels, think tanks targeted accordingly, such as the formation of professional presidential campaign team, the ＂revolving door＂ effect, the use of the mass media to guide and educate the public, the use of relations and specia] channels to hold academic conferences, news briefing and luncheon, publications, providing diplomatic ideas and policy recommendations. A variety of impact imposed by the think tank of the U. S. foreign policy decisions is determined by the U.S. political system, the political tradition, and the characteristics of the think tanks. U.S. think tanks in recent years have a trend of increasing in number, the diversification of research topics, etc. which makes the study of foreign policy more extensively. It can be predicted that the importance and influence of the U.S. think tank in foreign policy study will be further enhanced.