1Harvey Breit, "The Old Man and the Sea," review in Nation, 6 September, 1952, 194.
2Carlos Baker, "The Old Man and the Sea," review in Saturday Review in 1952, as quoted in the special Hemingway issue of Saturday Review, 29 July, 1961, 36.
3Leo Gurko, The Old Man and the Sea, from College English, Vol. 17, No. 1 (Oct. , 1955) 11.
4Leo Gurko, The Old Man and the Sea, 13.
5欧内斯特·海明威.《老人与海》.黄源深译.南京:译林出版社,2007年,第11页.
6Sergio H. Bocaz, "El Ingenioso Hidalgo Don Quijote de la Mancha and The Old Man and the Sea : A Study of the Symbolic Essence of Man in Cervantes and Hemingway," in The Bulletin of the Rocky Mountain Modern Language Association, Vol. 25, No. 2 (Jun. , 1971) 52.
7Philip Melling, "Cultural Imperialism, Afro-cuban Religion, and Santiago's Failure in Hemingway "s The Old Man and Sea," in The Hemingway Review, Fall (2006) 16.
8Jackson J. Benson, Hemingway: The Writer's Art of Self-Defense (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1969) 125.
9Ryan Hediger, " Hunting, Fishing, and the Cramp of Ethics in Ernest Hemingway's The Old Man and the Sea, Green Hills of Africa, and Under Kihmanjaro," in The Hemingway Review, Vol. 27, No. 2, Spring (2008) 35.
