民事诉讼中文书真伪的“举证责任”问题

The Problem of "Burden of Proof" about the Reality of Documents in Civil Procedure

从司法实践中的常见案例出发,可以看到确定文书真伪由谁举证的困难,该问题一般被称为文书真伪的举证责任问题。在法律和司法解释对此缺乏明文规定的情况下,依靠司法实践经验实难以对这种举证责任进行合理的分配。借助于比较法上的制度,似乎可以给出合理答案,但这种答案也仅在其本国法律框架内具有语境化的合理性。因此,需要回到法律文本,并运用法律解释学以寻求符合现行法秩序的解决方案。以规范说、诉讼事实理论为基础的法律解释学分析表明,该问题在中国语境下并非举证责任,而是"证明的必要"问题,其具体承担应当考量案件的具体情境而确定。

The concrete cases in judicial practice can reveal the difficulty of deciding who should prove the reality of private documents,and this problem is often called the burden of proof on the reality of private documents.As the law and judicial explanation have not provided definite rules on this problem,we can't allocate the burden of proof well even with the help of the judicial practice experience.It seems the rules of other countries can resolve this problem,but actually they only have the contextual reasonability in their own judicial system.So we should return to our laws and apply the legal dogmatic to seek for the resolution which can fit our current legal order.With the help of the Norm Theory and the theory of facts in lawsuit,the analysis of legal dogmatic finally shows there is not 'the burden of proof' but 'the necessity of proof' in the problem of reality of private documents.The undertaker of this necessary should be decided by the consideration of the specific situation of cases.