略论第一次十字军东征在东方战场的军事调整——以阿尔伯特的《耶路撒冷史》为中心

The Adaptation of the First Crusade Army:See Through Albert's Historia Ierosolimitana

第一次十字军东征是西欧基督教世界对伊斯兰教的塞尔柱突厥人发动的军事征伐。阿尔伯特的《耶路撒冷史》对这场战争有着翔实可信的记述。十字军为应对塞尔柱弓骑兵以及迥异的战场环境,在武装、战术层面上做出了各种调整和改变。在技术和装备层面,十字军的马匹得到了改善,远程武器价值凸显,他们甚至逐渐采用了突厥人的武器装备。在战术层面,十字军强化了阵形、组织和纪律,重视骑步兵间的协同配合,甚至频繁使用伏击战术。尽管十字军的本质特征仍旧是西欧封建军事的,但他们从东方的对手身上确实获益良多,形成了不少鲜明的、与众不同的军事特点。

The First Crusade was an expedition launched by the 'Christian Western Europe'to the Seljuk Turks of Islamic Orient.Albert's Historia Ierosolimitana gives an extraordinarily detailed account of the military campaigns concerned.Faced with Seljuk horse-archers and alien battlefield environment,crusaders were obliged to change themselves in arms and tactics.In terms of technique and equipment,their horses were improved.They had to place a high value on the ranged weapon,and they even gradually adopted some Seljuk equipments.As for tactics,they intensified the battle array,organization and discipline,got the close cooperation between cavalry and infantry,and even frequently staged ambush.Though the substantive characteristics of Crusaders were still of the Western European feudal military,they profited too much from the oriental opponent,formed not a few of distinguishing military features.