明隆万之际粤东巨盗林凤事迹详考——以刘尧诲《督抚疏议》中林凤史料为中心

A Detailed Examination of the Life History of Lin Feng, a Famous Pirate during the Longqing and Wanli Years of the Ming Dynasty

林凤为隆庆末万历初活跃于闽广海上的粤东巨盗之一,亦是揭开中国与西班牙交往序幕的重要人物。刘尧诲《督抚疏议》中载林凤事共九件奏疏,为目前所见录林凤事迹最为详瞻之中文文献。利用《督抚疏议》,结合其他中西文献,可以得知:万历元年初窃据澎湖者为林凤而非林道乾;万历二年三至四月,林凤被明军击败后,西遁雷琼及东返闽海;万历二年五至十一月,林凤再次活跃于台澎地区;万历二年十一月至三年六月,林凤拥众逃亡吕宋及西班牙使臣首次使华之史实。特别是考证出明军官王望高调集吕宋番兵歼灭林凤主力一事,订正了西方文献长期流传的讹误。

Lin Feng was one of the chief pirates active in the seas off Fujian and Guangdong during the late Longqing and early Wanli years, and was also an important figure in the earliest contact between China and Spain. Liu Yaohui’s A Governor’s Memorials to the Throne (督抚疏议dúfǔshuyì), which includes nine memorials related to Lin Feng. Combining it with other Chinese and Western sources, we find the following historical facts: early in the first year of Wanli, it was Lin Daoqian rather than Lin Feng who occupied Penghu; from March to April of the second year of Wanli, Lin Feng, defeated by a Ming army, escaped west to Leizhou and Qiongzhou and then returned east to the Fujian maritime area; from May to November of the same year, he was active again in Taiwan and Penghu; and from November of that year to June of the next year, he and his followers escaped to Luzon and a Spanish envoy came to China for the first time. In particular, textual research reveals that the Ming military official Wang Wanggao annihilated Lin Feng’s main force by mobilizing foreign soldiers from Luzon; this corrects a long-standing error in the Western literature.