中国明代白银货币政策与商品竞争力分析

Analyzing China's Product Competitive Power and Its Silver Currency Policy in the Ming Dynasty

16世纪中叶,由于新航路的开辟,世界市场形成,白银成为世界货币。中国由于是白银贫矿国,在明代之前一直实施铜铸币和纸币政策,只是在明代中叶之后对白银货币实施了放任的政策。由于中国人多地少,劳动力十分廉价,这样以白银为计价单位所表示的商品价格极为低廉。欧洲由于人均土地资源高于中国,人均薪资也高于中国,而且白银供应极为充沛,在一般日用品价格上,远远高于中国。因而,在一般商品价格竞争上,总体不敌中国。当时美洲和日本盛产白银,是世界白银的价格洼地,欧洲又实施了较为自由的贸易政策。这样控制白银的欧洲、日本和掌握世界最低廉商品的中国,相互之间都有极为旺盛的需求,于是,世界市场很快就形成了美洲、日本白银与中国商品交换的格局。

In the mid-16th century, silver came formation of world market. China the lean silver to be world currency with the discovery of new route and the country had carried out the currency of copper coinage and paper morley before the Ming Dynasty, and since the middle of the dynasty silver currency had been unrestrict- ed gradually. Due to very cheaper labor force incurred by Chinese large population and less land, silver-meas- ured goods also were cheaper. In Europe, general goods were much more expensive than Chinese commodi- ties, for the supply of silver was abundant, which resulted from higher land resource per capita and higher sal- ary. Therefore, China seized advantage in price of general goods. At that time, the U. S. and Japan abound in silver and enjoyed the lower price of silver in the world, and meanwhile Europe also conducted relatively free trade policy. The booming demands aroused among silver-giant Europe and Japan and goods-cheapest China. Finally, the world market was formed under the exchanges of the American and Japanese silver with Chinese commodities.