从城市到农村:多维度视阈下的就业抉择——试析新中国前三十年间城市劳动力向农村的转移

From the Urban to the Rural: Employment Choice under the Multi-dimensional Prospect——An Analysis on the Urban Labors’Transfer to the Rural in the First Three Decades of New China

1949年至1978年间,在我国工业化进程中持续存在大量城镇人口向农村转移、到农村就业的现象。个中缘由,比较复杂。中国共产党对全民充分就业的理论认识、我国经济结构和城镇粮食供应能力对城镇就业的限制、加强农业建设和农村建设的切实需要等,都促成了这种现象的发生。这种就业探索,适时解决当时城市和农村面临的问题,成为应对危机的一种合理抉择;但从长远看,这种做法所取得的效果与中央的预想大相径庭,对目前我国继续探索从城市到农村的就业道路提供了深刻的经验教训。

In 1949--1978, there continuously existed a phenomenon that a large number of urban populations transferred to the rural and found employments during China＇ s industrialization process. The reason was comparatively complicated. The CPC＇ s theoretical understandings to all people＇ s full employments, the restrictions on China＇ s economic structure and urban food supply capacity to the urban employments, the real needs of strength- ening the agricultural and rural constructions and so on all contributed to the occurrence of that phenomenon. This exploration to such employments solved the problems faced by the urban and the rural timely and became a rea- sonable choice to face the crisis; but in the long run, the effect achieved by this approach was greatly divergent from the central government＇ s expectation and provided profound lessons to continue to explore China＇ s employ- ment road from the urban to the rural.