旅游者排污行为与旅游区水环境干扰模式研究——以六盘山生态旅游区为例

Emissions from the Tourism Industry and Patterns of Environmental Disturbance in the Liupan Mountain Eco-Tourism Area

旅游活动是生态旅游区短时段区域性水环境变化的主要驱动因素。本文以六盘山生态旅游区为案例区,通过参与式观察、问卷调查和比较分析,研究了不同类型旅游者旅游排污行为及其水环境干扰模式。结果表明:①从旅游活动环节看,住宿活动污染物排放量最高,餐饮其次,游览最低;②从游客类型看,在人均干扰程度方面,以下四类游客的旅游活动干扰综合指数(TADI)依次降低:商务会议(1)>休闲度假(0.57)>科学考察(0.19)>观光游览(0);在总干扰程度方面,以下四类游客的TADI依次降低:休闲度假(1)>商务会议(0.51)>观光游览(0.33)>科学考察(0);③商务会议、休闲度假、科学考察和观光游览四类游客对住宿和餐饮要求依次提高,日排水量依次增多。六盘山处于重要的战略转型期,商务旅游、休闲度假将成为未来发展重点,旅游区水环境问题将更为凸显,因此,必须重视这种转型升级可能引发的旅游区水质恶化问题。

Tourism is the main factor driving regional water environmental change in eco-tourism areas. Using Liupan Mountain as a case study, we analyzed emissions resulting from various forms of tourism and respective patterns of water quality disturbance using participant observation, questionnaires and comparative analysis. We found that tourist accommodation releases the most emission pollution, tourism catering ranks second and sightseeing is third. Per capita TN, TP, COD and BOD5 for tourist accommodation is up to 4.03g/d, 0.66g/d, 37.59g/d and 8.72g/d, more than ten times that for sightseeing. The Tourist Activities Disturbance Index （TADI） per person of various oriented types falls systematically： business meeting-oriented tourists（l）〉leisure vacation-oriented tourists （0.57） 〉scientific investigation-oriented tourists （0.19） 〉 sightseeing-oriented tourists （0）. The TADI of the amount tourists of various types falls systematically： leisure vacation-oriented tourists （1）〉 business meeting-oriented tourists （0.51） 〉 sightseeing-oriented tourists （0.33） 〉scientific investigation-oriented tourists（0）. Business meeting-oriented tourists, leisure vacation-oriented tourists, scientific investigation-oriented tourists and sightseeing-oriented tourists show a pattern of declining requirements for tourist accommodation and catering and discharge sewage. TADI has a certain consistency with water quality change, which can be used as a simple and effective indicator to evaluate tourism system response to disturbance. The Liupan Mountain eco-tourism area remains in an important strategic transition period. In this period, sightseeing tourism is the base and business-meeting tourism and leisure vacation tourism will be a developing focus into the future. Water environment problems in the tourist areas will become more prominent. Thus, it is urgent that effective measures are taken to solve the deterioration of water quality in the tourist area resulting from tourism transformation and upgrading. For example, improving the water-saving awareness of tourists and tourism managers and strengthening sewage treatment planning, design and subsequent treatment are viable strategies for change. Only if the above measures are implemented well will disturbance from tourism activities decrease and sustainable development be realized.