马克思与狄尔泰社会—历史视角的精神概念

Spiritual Concept of Marx and Dilthey from the Perspective of Social-history

马克思和狄尔泰分别从各自的哲学立场出发,展现了对于人类精神的客观层面的深切关注,他们不约而同地认识到,只有从社会—历史的视角出发,我们才有可能对于人类精神有一个全面的认识和了解。马克思的哲学关注对于社会的改造,革命始终是他的理论的不变主题。而狄尔泰则希望通过对人类精神的分析,为西方社会生活找到真正的意义的基础,从而获得精神的安宁。马克思专注于精神的客观方面,专注于社会存在对于社会意识的决定作用;而狄尔泰则不仅从社会—历史的方面理解精神的意义,也对个体生命—单元给予了充分的关注。马克思和狄尔泰对于精神的社会—历史本性的揭示不仅使近代哲学从主体和客体的抽象对立中研究人类精神的至上性和现实力量的思辨失去了存在的价值,而且,也使我们充分认识到任何立足于从个体的精神过程揭示精神的本质的企图,包括心理学、人类学和其它的精神科学自身的不可克服的困难。由此,我们也许可以重新站在精神研究的新的出发点上,并使马克思主义关于精神现象的理论获得新的发展。

Based on their individual standpoints,both Marx and Dilthey showed their eager concern on the objective aspect of the human spirits.They both realized that only the social-history perspective can guarantee a comprehensive knowledge of human spirits.Marxist philosophy is concerned with social reforms and focused on revolution,while Dilthey hopes to find out the real base for western social lives by analyzing human spirits.Marx also dedicates himself to the objective aspect of spirits and the determination of social existence on social consciousness,while Dilthey encourages to understand spirits in the background of social-history and pays due attention to individuals.Both their studies help us to the failure of the separation of objectivity and subjectivity and reveal the unconquerable difficulties confronted by psychology,anthropology and other disciplines connected with psyche-science,from which we can promote the new development of Marxism.