船舶火灾防火设计中舱室及舱壁温度分布试验模拟研究

Research of Temperature Prediction in Steel Cabin Fire with Simulation and Experiment for Ship Fireproof Design

船舶火灾不同于普通建筑火灾,由于舱室主要由导热性较强的钢质舱壁构成,当发生火灾时,舱室内空气温度和壁面温度将会迅速上升,同时大量热量将通过舱壁向其他舱室扩散,易对其他舱室造成威胁。因此,准确掌握着火舱室内的空气温度以及舱壁温度对于设置对应的防火结构以及防火等级具有重要意义。利用小型试验首先在柴油燃烧情况下对于钢板升温进行了试验研究,同时使用以大涡模拟为湍流模型的火灾模拟软件FDS(Fire Dynamics Simulator)对其进行模拟分析,得出FDS可以用于进行油类火灾中的钢构件温度预估,最终使用FDS对实船全尺度火灾试验进行模拟分析。结果表明,FDS能够较好的预估开口状态下舱室中、上部温度及壁面温度的分布,能够满足工程防火设计需要,可为结构防火设计提供参考。

The ship cabin fire is different from other types of fire, because the surrounding bulkheads of cabin are usually made of steel, which is a good conductor of heat. When fire occurs, the air and bulkhead temperature would rise up quickly and lots of heat would transfer to other cabins through the bulkhead. Investigating the law of air and bulkhead temperature rising in the steel cabin during the fire would have an important meaning to guide the fireproofing design of the cabin. This paper has done an experiment about the temperature rising of a steel pan under a diesel fire, then uses the fire simulation software FDS （Fire Dynamics Simulator） which has a large eddy simulation turbulence model to simulate the simple test to prove that FDS has the ability to estimate the temperature of the steel structure in oil fire. At last, a simulation of full scale cabin fire experiment finished by U.S. Coast Guard has been carried out. The result shows that FDS would give a reasonable prediction of the bulkhead temperature and air temperature in the middle and above part under an open fire. The result also reaches the demand of the fireproofing design and can be a reference parameter during the design.